Non-profit organisation, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) tested 73 products on the US market – 58 conventional baby foods and 15 organic ones – from three major brands, Beech-Nut, Gerber, and Parent’s Choice. It found that 22 of the 58 conventional baby foods contained at least one pesticide residue but no pesticides were found in the certified organic products.

The findings, published at the end of last year, show a marked improvement in the past 30 years. In 1995, EWG published a study that found pesticide residues in over half (53%) of the baby food samples.

Despite the progress, the 2023 analysis still detected nine pesticides, including residues of captan, and a derivative, tetrahydrophthalimide (found in 11 products), acetamiprid (5 products), fludioxonil (5 products), pyrimethanil (4 products), imidacloprid (3 products), methoxyfenozide (2 products), chlorantraniliprole (1 product) dodine (1 product), and propiconazole (1 product). These chemicals have been associated with many adverse health effects, such as nervous system damage, changes to immune cells, hormone disruption, and cancer.

A boost for organic?

Given the negative health impact of pesticides, particularly for babies, infants, and children, could the higher probability of finding residues on conventional produce result in higher interest in organic?

This is already on the radar of many consumers, according to market research company Mintel. It conducted a survey in 2022 and found that 64% of US consumers avoid pesticides in food and drinks.

The EWG produces two shopper guides – the Dirty Dozen and Clean Fifteen – to help inform US consumer purchasing decisions.

The Clean Fifteen list features produce that tend to be free from pesticide residues such as sweet corn, sweet peas, mangoes and carrots, and the non-profit says it is acceptable to buy conventional versions of these.

The Dirty Dozen list, on the other hand, contains common fruit and vegetables that are more likely to contain pesticide residues, and the EWG recommends buying organic versions if people’s budget allows it and if organic alternatives are available. This list commonly features strawberries, peaches, cherries, blueberries, apples, and pears.

In Europe, meanwhile, Statista found that 84% of German organic shoppers said their main motivation was to reduce pesticide residues while 90% said they preferred to buy “natural, untreated” groceries.

The EU-based non-profit association, Pesticide Action Network (PAN), also advises people to buy organic produce if possible.

“… there is one area wher organic outperforms non-organic [for health benefits] and that is in regard to pesticide residues present in the food we consume,” it says.

“In the UK, pesticide residues are found in approximately 60% of the non-organic fruit and vegetables that are available to consumers. Many of these contain the residues of more than one pesticide so in effect they offer a cocktail of residues with each bite. On the other hand, there is almost never a detectable pesticide residue present on organic produce.”

The appeal of a ‘free from pesticide residues’ label

Organic products tend to be more expensive than conventional ones due to lower yields, segregation costs, and more expensive inputs, among other reasons, and due to this higher price tag, many consumers cannot afford to buy organic. A third option that may appeal to consumers concerned about pesticide residues on non-organic produce and may be cheaper than organic is food certified as free from pesticide residues.

In 2018, a group of French farmers operating under the Nouveaux Champs collective launched a ‘zero pesticide residue’ label. Its creators said the label was not intended to compete with organic farming but rather to provide consumers with more alternatives. According to Alcimed consultancy group, 52 companies and more than 3000 producers had adopted the label just one year after its launch.

Nevertheless, Alcimed analysts note some drawbacks of the label compared to organic, particularly that it does authorise the use of pesticides during cultivation and therefore does not address environmental issues, such as soil pollution.

Nouveaux Champs is not the only group exploring the concept. With the support of the EU, Bioberry, a Polish berry producer, launched a project to find ways of improving the traceability and visibility of pesticide residue-free products on the market. It created a labelling system to guarantee agricultural products without pesticide residues while also researching how to reduce the number of pesticide treatments and replac them with natural preparations.

Certification company Bioagricert, owned by Foodchain ID, also offers a zero residue and controlled residue standard for fresh fruit, vegetables, and other produce. It says the label is a useful tool to add value to agri-food products that limit the use of pesticides during cultivation and that are particularly attentive to the environmental impact and health of consumers. Bioagricert defines produce as having zero residue when the traces are less than or equal to 0.01 mg/kg (10 parts per billion).

Authorised pesticides

In the US, organic food may not be produced using synthetic fertilisers or pesticides but pesticides derived from natural sources, such as biologicals, can be used. In the EU, there are 490 substances approved for use as pesticides according to an approval database and, of these, only 28 are approved for use in organic agriculture. According to PAN, the majority of these 28 are of low toxicological concern to consumers or the environment.