Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Environment, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT have developed a process to kill germs on almonds and nuts by using compressed carbon dioxide to decontaminate food.

The advantage of this process is that almonds retain their characteristic flavor and quality, according to the research report. Almonds are decontaminated and impregnated with antimicrobial oils using compressed carbon dioxide in a high-pressure autoclave. The oil extract coats the almond, making it difficult for germs to contaminate the fruit again. Some types of processing can affect the quality of food, particularly that of plant-based products that are consumed raw.

Without processing, almonds and other nuts may be contaminated with salmonella and these bacteria can spread to dry foods. Low-moisture foods like flour, baking mixes, dried meats, nuts, fruits and cereals are often used as ingredients in food products with almonds, which means that if one supplier faces a recall, many items that used the ingredient could be affected. However, the risk of E.coli, Salmonella and Listeria in dry foods can never be completely eliminated.

Notably outbreaks in the U.S. from dry food since 2016:

May 20 2016, — Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella Senftenberg Infections linked to Wonderful Pistachios

14 people infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella Typhimurium were reported from eight states and the District of Columbia.

Three ill people were hospitalized and no deaths were reported.

Sept. 29 2016, —Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli Infections linked to Flour

63 people infected with the outbreak strains of E.coli STEC O121 or E.coli STEC O26 were reported from 24 states.

17 ill people were hospitalized. One person developed hemolytic uremic syndrome, a type of kidney failure. No deaths were reported.

May 18 2018, — Salmonella Typhimurium Infections linked to Dried Coconut

A total of 11 people infected with the outbreak strains of Salmonella were reported from nine states.

Two ill people were hospitalized and no deaths were reported.

July 11 2019, — E. coli Infections linked to Flour

21 people infected with the outbreak strain of E. coli O26 were reported from 9 states.

Three hospitalizations and no deaths were reported.

Nov. 4 2020, — Salmonella Infections linked to Wood Ear Mushrooms

55 people infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella were reported from 12 states.

Six hospitalizations and no deaths were reported.

According to Karen Fuchs, a researcher at Fraunhofer UMSICHT in Oberhausen, “Salmonella can go dormant to survive on almonds. In the process, they produce additional biomass that protects them from desiccation. If water enters the picture, salmonella then proliferate explosively. But it takes just 10 to one hundred of these bacteria to cause food poisoning. Contaminated almonds that make their way into production facilities after harvesting can also contaminate other batches.”

Fuchs and her team carried out tests with Staphylococcus carnosus, a surrogate organism known for an even more resistant reaction than salmonella, showing that the process in the autoclave does not adversely affect the shelf life, rancidity or lipid composition of almonds.

“The oils are not just antibacterial; they also have antioxidant properties. They increase the oxidation potential and extend the shelf life of fats, meaning that almonds are not as quick to go rancid,” says the researcher.

She also said the antibacterial and anti-oxidative properties are not the only potential benefit. Increasing the amount of oils that harmonize well with almonds’ flavor could also add a tasty touch of seasoning. This process also lends itself to other foods. The increased lipid oxidation potential could benefit any food that is prone to oxidation.

“It is common knowledge that pressurized carbon dioxide can kill pathogenic bacteria in liquids such as orange juice. Our research has shown that under certain conditions this also works with dry food,” says Fuchs.

Carbon dioxide is not harmful to the environment or health and can be separated from almonds without a trace of residuals, according to researchers. This does not involve any energy-intensive steps for purification.