The recent Supreme Court decision to eliminate Chevron deference marks a pivotal shift in how federal agencies interpret and enforce laws. Established in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. (1984), Chevron deference allowed courts to defer to Executive Branch agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutes. This principle provided crucial regulatory oversight in sectors like food safety, ensuring clarity and expertise in enforcement.

Originating from environmental regulations, Chevron deference extended to empower other agencies – and this impacted the FDA and USDA in defining and implementing food safety standards. Over decades, it facilitated streamlined regulatory processes, enabling swift adaptation to emerging threats such as foodborne illnesses and novel food technologies. This doctrine supported rapid responses by interpreting laws to enforce safety protocols, coordinate stakeholder efforts, and protect public health during outbreaks.

On June 28, 2024, the US Supreme Court’s decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo and Relentless v. Department of Commerceoverturned Chevron deference, ushering in heightened judicial scrutiny over agency interpretations of laws. This decision removes automatic deference previously afforded to agencies like the FDA, necessitating rigorous justification of regulatory actions in court.

Examples from USDA 

Improved Regulatory Standards, Preventive Measures (such as HACCP) and Consumer Education and Safe Handling Practices are often cited as key reasons for the decrease in E. coli Outbreaks tied to USDA-regulated foods.

The USDA’s 1994 declaration of E. coli as an illegal adulterant in ground beef exemplifies the impact of Chevron deference. This regulatory action followed the landmark 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak, enhancing food safety by swiftly addressing risks associated with contaminated beef. Without Chevron deference, increased legal challenges and prolonged regulatory processes could have delayed these crucial measures, potentially jeopardizing consumer safety.

Similarly, USDA-mandated safe handling instructions for raw meat and poultry educate consumers on proper practices, crucial for preventing foodborne illnesses. For about 30 years, these instructions have played a crucial role in preventing foodborne illnesses caused by pathogens like E. coli and Salmonella, which can lead to severe health risks. These instructions, implemented a year after the 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak, benefited from Chevron deference in ensuring swift enforcement and clarity amidst potential legal challenges. If Chevron deference were not in place, the USDA’s ability to mandate and enforce labeling requirements might have been hindered by the same reasons, ultimately the implementation of crucial food safety measures aimed at protecting consumers from foodborne illnesses.  

Examples from FDA 

Chevron deference also facilitated FDA’s adaptation of labeling requirements to reflect scientific advancements, such as allergen labeling for major food allergens. This flexibility supported consistent implementation and consumer protection, which could face uncertainty without deference.

The passage of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) in 2011 marked a significant milestone in bolstering food safety standards and empowering the FDA. However, the absence of Chevron deference complicates ongoing FSMA implementation efforts, notably the Food Traceability Final Rule (FSMA Section 204(d)), crucial for the FDA’s New Era of Smarter Food Safety Blueprint. This could lead to legal challenges, regulatory uncertainties, and delays in enforcing robust food safety standards, potentially compromising public health responses to outbreaks and contaminants.

Moving Forward

In the wake of the Supreme Court’s decision to end Chevron deference, federal food agencies face a critical juncture. They must now bolster their regulatory justifications, enhance transparency in rulemaking, and urgently seek legislative clarity to navigate this evolving landscape effectively. Industry leaders, too, must rise to the occasion by not merely complying with regulations but by proactively implementing safety measures that safeguard public health and uphold the integrity of our food systems.

Consumers play a pivotal role in this new era by staying informed about food safety practices and advocating for transparent industry standards. Together, we can cultivate a culture of accountability and innovation that places food safety at the forefront, both domestically and globally.

Recalls and outbreaks exact a heavy toll, both in economic terms and, more significantly, in human lives. The wheels of justice move at a speed much slower than that which proper food safety proactive and reactive response demands. Even without Chevron deference, it is imperative that we prioritize efforts to uphold and strengthen the robust food safety culture cultivated after 1993. We must ensure that the progress achieved over the past three decades is not eroded by the challenges and decisions of the next 30 years.